Medical Insights is a premier, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal published by ELITE PATH EDUCATIONAL ACADEMY (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED. The journal is committed to publishing high-quality research in the field of medicine and healthcare, with a strong focus on advancing scientific knowledge and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among clinicians, healthcare professionals, researchers, and educators. The journal provides a scholarly platform for the dissemination of cutting-edge research that addresses evolving challenges in medicine and healthcare. Medical Insights publishes original research articles, clinical case studies, systematic reviews, and expert opinions that contribute to improving patient care, promoting medical innovation, and enhancing evidence-based clinical decision-making. Scope of the Journal The journal welcomes submissions in the following areas, but not limited to: Clinical Medicine and Medical Specialties Diagnostic and Imaging Technologies Medical and Surgical Innovations Pharmacology and Therapeutics Public Health and Preventive Medicine Healthcare Policy and Health Systems Research Epidemiology and Global Health Medical Education and Clinical Training Digital Health, Telemedicine, and Health Informatics Patient Safety and Quality of Care
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EMERGING ZOONOTIC DISEASES AND ONE HEALTH APPROACHES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
The rising global health insecurity threat posed by emerging zoonotic diseases is an ongoing, escalating threat that is being driven by increased and complex interactions between ecological disruption, socio-economic stress, climate change, biodiversity loss and enhanced human-animal interface. One Health approach has been seen to emerge as a cross sectoral approach to handling these multifactorial issues. However, its problematic functioning and the gaps in its application remain a question of concern.The effectiveness of its operation and the drivers and issues of its implementation remain debated in terms of its recent successes.This systemic literature review integrates both quantitative and qualitative outcomes of the recent achievements of One Health. The convergent integrated mixed-methods systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 and Joanna Briggs Institute. The databases have been searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of science, Scopus, CINAHL and CAB Abstracts. Qualified papers talked about outbreak zoonotic diseases and either expressly or implicitly followed a One Health approach. Data were extracted and appraised on validated tools of critical appraisal. The quantitative data were synthesised as a story, and the qualitative data were synthesised with the assistance of thematic method (25 mixed-method, 41 and 62 quantitative and qualitative data, respectively). The land-use change, wildlife trade, climate variability, intensification of livestock, urbanization and biodiversity loss were the key factors contributing to the outbreaks of zoonotic diseases. The Integrated One Health interventions were associated with the improved sensitivity of surveillance, reduced time to respond to an outbreak, intersectoral coordination and moderate cost-effectiveness advantages. However, there remained such challenges as part-time governance, insufficient funds, poor integration of environmental sector, non-standard evaluation measures and capacity problem in poor and middle-income countries. Underrepresentation of the elements of environmental health in the operational implementation is also consistent despite the ratification of the policy-level. Nevertheless, the structural governance loopholes, differences in the procedures, and resource distribution limit the implementation over a long period. Increasing the environmental integration, turning One Health into standardized measures of integration, and investing in the capacity-building (particularly in risk-prone regions), are all necessary to make One Health more than a policy speech and turn it into a permanent practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GLOBAL TRENDS IN ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most critical global public health threats, significantly affecting healthcare systems, economies, and patient outcomes. The rapid rise of resistant microorganisms—including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites—has reduced the effectiveness of commonly used antimicrobial drugs, leading to increased treatment failures, prolonged hospitalizations, and higher mortality rates. Recent estimates suggest that if current trends continue, antimicrobial resistance could cause more than 10 million deaths annually by 2050. This systematic literature review aims to examine global trends in antimicrobial resistance by synthesizing recent research on its epidemiology, underlying resistance mechanisms, and the effectiveness of existing intervention strategies. The review evaluates the major drivers of AMR, including the misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents in healthcare, agriculture, and food production, as well as socio-economic and environmental factors such as urbanization, population growth, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. Particular attention is given to multidrug-resistant pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which present major challenges for clinical treatment. Furthermore, the review assesses current global responses, including antimicrobial stewardship programs, surveillance systems, infection prevention strategies, and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. By analyzing regional patterns of resistance and evaluating the effectiveness of containment efforts, this study highlights critical gaps in current policies and research. The findings emphasize the need for coordinated international efforts and a One Health approach to effectively combat antimicrobial resistance and prevent a potential post-antibiotic era.
HEMODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION THROUGH BIOMECHANICAL MODELING IN POST-CARDIAC SURGERY PATIENTS
The causes of hemodynamic instability after cardiac surgery are multifactorial and change over time, which makes the bedside optimization of the fluid, vasoactive and ventilator choice more difficult. Biomimical cardiovascular models can be patient-specific and can be used to support the decision-making process by predicting physiological reactions to standard treatment. An ICU cohort quantitative, model-directed workflow was built on the basis of invasive hemodynamic and perfusion measures at a given time interval. Each patient was calibrated using a closed loop 0D cardiovascular model, which was assessed on RMSE and agreement. We compared the predictability of the effects of standardized clinical perturbations on mean arterial pressure ( ΔMAP ) and cardiac index ( ΔCI ). We also examined such secondary outcomes as lactate clearance, vasopressor free, ICU duration of stay and acute kidney injury (AKI). The admission MAP in the analytic cohort (n=168) of this study was 69 (IQR 6074) mmHg, cardiac index 2.09 (1.70 2.38) L/min/m 2, and lactate level 1.9 (1.429) mmol/L, and 96.4% of individuals in the first 6 hours were treated with vasopressor. Calibration of the model produced a MAP RMSE of 5.0 (4.0-6.0), and a CI RMSE of 0.22 (0.16-0.30) L/min/m 2. Correlation in the case of ΔMAP was r=0.81 and in ΔCI, the correlation was r=0.77. The average absolute error (MAE) was 2.6 mmHg ( 0 -MAP) and 0.12 L/min/m 2 ( 0 -CI). 85.7% of the 0 -MAP predictions fell within ±5 mmHg and 89.3% of the 0 -CI predictions fell within ±0.25 L/min/m 2. The MAP increased to 79 (70–90) mmHg, cardiac index increased to 2.32 (1.872.71) L/min/m 2, the level of lactate was reduced to 1.2 (0.81.6) mmol/L and 72.6% of individuals had a lactate clearance rate of 30 or more. The AKI rate was 10.1%. Adjusted analyses were performed to show that admission lactate (OR 1.28 per +1 mmol/L) and low urine output (<0.7 mL/kg/h; OR 2.05) are associated with AKI. Conversely, adhering to the best advice provided by the model was associated with reduced risks of chronic instability (OR 0.62). A patient-specific closed-loop biomechanical modeling pipeline demonstrated good calibration and clinically meaningful prediction of short-term hemodynamic response reflecting its feasibility as a quantitative decision-support system to be used to optimize post-cardiac surgery. Further hypothetical validation with real-life intervention monitoring and multiscale physiological description (e.g. multiscale vascular and valve mechanics) is required.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faiza Iqbal, Hamid Rauf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HISTOLOGICAL VARIANTS OF LUNG CARCINOMA AND THEIR CLINICAL CORRELATES: A PULMONOLOGY-PATHOLOGY INTEGRATION
Proper histological subtyping of lung cancer is required in prognosis, biomarker evaluation and treatment choice, particularly when tiny biopsies and cytological information are used to base the diagnosis. An analytic methodology of quantitative, retrospective observations evaluated patients with pathologically confirmed primary lung cancer that were adult. Getting clinical, radiology, sampling and pathological features into the pulmonology-pathology workflow. We applied histomorphology and in cases where necessary immunohistochemistry (IHC) to subtype them. Then we employed bivariate testing and multivariate regression to examine the relationship between these subtypes and clinical correlates. The most prevalent type of cancer was adenocarcinoma that constituted 55.1 percent of the cases. The next were squamous cell carcinoma which comprised 22.1% of the cases. Small cell lung carcinoma constituted 17.9% of the cases and other/rare NSCLC constituted 4.8% cases. Scientifically, SCC had a greater smoking background (88.4) and a more notable central tumor (73.9) compared to adenocarcinoma (73.3 and 27.3, respectively). The images showed correlations that showed a greater prevalence of cavitation in SCC (24.6) than in adenocarcinoma (9.9). IHC profiles were fairly effective in distinguishing the various types. As an illustration, TTF-1 and Napsin A were more prevalent in adenocarcinoma (77.9% and 73.3%), in contrast to p40 and p63, which were more prevalent in SCC (85.5% and 81.2%). SCLC was positive in synaptophysin (92.9%), chromogranin (78.6%), and Ki-67 (87.5%). The stage of the case was advanced, and stage IV constituted the greatest prevalence of SCLC (66.1%). When the multivariate model (SCC vs adenocarcinoma) was adopted, p40 positivity (adjusted OR 9.50), smoking (adjusted OR 2.90) and central position (adjusted OR 2.20) were independent predictors in favour of SCC whereas TTF-1 positivity was in favour of adenocarcinoma (adjusted OR 0.10). By integrating the data about pulmonology sampling with the pathology-grounded histomorphology and a specific panel of IHC, it is feasible to do a correct subtyping of lung cancer, as well as to identify a range of clinically relevant associations that are relevant to staging and further biomarker-based therapy approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Madiha Noreen, Atif Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CYTOKINE RESPONSE PATTERNS IN CONCURRENT ANEMIA AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
A person should be familiar with the way in which anemia alters the immune system to react to infections so that the diagnosis and treatment can be improved in regions characterized by limited resources. In this mixed-methods study, the patterns of cytokine-responses of patients with concomitant anemia and active infections were investigated by the means of hematologic profiling, evaluation of pathogen-load, oxidative stress, and multiplex cytokine assays. The results showed that there was a considerable rise in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1b) and poor anti-inflammatory feedback (Il-10, TGF-b) with an exaggerated inflammatory condition in the anemia-infection group. The level of oxidative stress indicators, including ROS and MDA, was rather high, indicating that anemia aggravates metabolic instability based on infection. Scatter clustering and predictive modeling showed that the interaction between low level of hemoglobin and pathogen load creates a distinct immunologic signature that has significant correlation with disease severity and symptomatic load. The model of predictive cytokine- anemia-infection developed during this study was effective in classifying patients according to the levels of risk, which proves that the use of the patterns of cytokines as clinical evaluators is acceptable. All this evidence supports the point that anemia is not just a comorbidity, but a powerful modulator of cytokine action in the course of infection, worsening immunological dysregulation and resulting in worse outcomes. These findings highlight the need to implement multifaceted management programs to address not only hematologic deficiencies but also infectious diseases to restore immunological balance and reduce morbidity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hafsa Younis, Bilal Ahmed Siddiqi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS IN REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY: A COMMUNITY-BASED PUBLIC HEALTH STUDY
Maternal deaths remain an enormous community health concern in low-resource settings where nutritional deficiencies contribute significantly to preventable maternal deaths. This community-based mixed-methods trial study was used to determine the impact of structured nutritional interventions in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality based on biochemical, dietary, and socioeconomic measurements at a series of trimesters. Pregnant women who had been recruited at the local health facility, and within the outreach services were given a total intervention package, which included iron-folate supplements, integrated protein-energy mix, and community-based nutritional education. Quantitative research showed that there were great improvements in the vitamin profiles, hemoglobin levels, and biomarker stability after the intervention, as well as reduced cases of anemia severity and malnutrition-associated comorbidities. Qualitative result also supported increased nutrition awareness, gourmet diet, and augmented control over maternal health decision-making. These dietary, biochemical, and socioeconomic changes were all significantly reduced on the likelihood of the death of the mother when they were incorporated in a multivariate predictive model. The results indicate that nutritional programs should be incorporated into the overall antenatal services, although treatments that work across different communities should be tailored to the special needs of a particular community to ensure sustainability and cultural suitability. All in all, the current research offers strong support to the idea that community-based and specifically oriented nutritional initiatives can be considered a cost-efficient and scalable solution to maternal mortality rates and greater maternal outcome rates in high-risk communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amina Farooq, Sajid Mehmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENOMIC INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS: A MOLECULAR NEUROLOGY APPROACH
Neurodegenerative diseases are based on complex genetic and molecular impairments that inevitably lead to the loss of neuronal integrity; however, the exact genomic connections that enable their pathogenesis are not completely understood up to date. This work employed a combined molecular neurology system that involved the whole-genome sequencing, transcriptomic profiling, mapping of variants, and molecular interpretation at a pathway scale to elucidate the genomic architecture related to the major neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The comprehensive pathogenic variants clusters, striking patterns of differentiations in gene expression, mitochondrial bioenergetic efficiencies, proteostasis disequilibrium, synaptic degeneration indicators, and bioactive activation of neuroinflammatory pathways were revealed through the high-resolution genomic analysis. These findings were further correlated in terms of neuropathology with the correlation and clinical phenotypic subdivision showing strong correlations between genetic load, transcriptome instability and severity of the illness. Compound investigation revealed that neurodegeneration does not occur due to individual mutations. Rather it occurs when oxidative stress signaling, RNA-splicing control, protein folding and metabolic-genomic signaling simultaneously disintegrate. The model of risk integrated genomics that has been developed in this paper is a prediction tool that can be used to identify early molecular weaknesses and future areas of treatment. Overall, this finding enhances our comprehension of the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases by offering a whole genomic map of the mechanisms underlying such diseases. This will assist in designing more specific tests and medication that will combat the disease at its core.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rabia Khalid, Usman Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND VIRTUAL SCREENING FOR DRUG DISCOVERY IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES: LEVERAGING COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR TARGET IDENTIFICATION
Molecular docking and virtual screening have, indeed, contributed much to drug discovery by providing fast computational strategies for the identification of potential therapeutic compounds against infections. These methods allow for rapid screening of large chemical libraries so that researchers can predict the binding affinity of small molecules with respect to biological targets. In addition, artificial intelligence and machine learning developments have further improved accuracy and efficiency in virtual screening pipelines. This study covers the integration of molecular docking, virtual screening, and deep learning algorithms into drug discovery. The case studies presented offer insights from computational drug screening against bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the context of accelerating drug development. The methodologies of molecular docking and virtual screening have substantially accelerated the discovery of novel therapeutic agents aimed at combating infectious diseases. The application of deep learning and AI-enhanced predictive modeling has refurbished traditional computational screening approaches with greater accuracy. The future course of research may well involve increasing the accuracy of AI-based docking models and the ability to synergistically mine multi omic data for further improvements in the drug discovery pipeline. The fact that more and more structural and omics data became available for developing personalized molecular docking is also highly relevant. It means that by integrating genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data, drug discovery can be much more patient-specific and thus improved in therapeutic efficacy. These techniques in high-throughput screening are straightforwardly integrated into computational modeling, allowing for the rapid identification of lead compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN FOOD PRESERVATION AND HUMAN HEALTH: MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND IMPACT ON AGING AND CHRONIC DISEASES
Antioxidants are magic substances concerned with the preservation of food and even human health by postponing senescence and preventing chronic diseases through combating oxidative stress. The antioxidants, whether natural or synthetic, are very effective in inhibiting oxidation of lipids present in foodstuffs, which in turn prolongs the shelf life. In human health, antioxidants act by neutralizing the free radicals and thereby reducing chances of diseases that include cancers, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases. The article discusses the mechanisms of action of antioxidants regarding food preservation and human wellbeing, mostly focusing on aging and prevention of chronic diseases. Antioxidants, as necessary agents in foods and human health, provide protection against oxidative damage. Antioxidants are primarily derived from an individual's intake of food, which then gets used by the body as a supplement in the necessary defence activity against ROS. Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are good sources of this polyphenol, carotenoid, and flavonoid wealth, which are beneficial in protecting against cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer. This is further strengthened by the proven fact from epidemiological studies, which have established the inverse relationship between the number of antioxidants consumed and chronic diseases in a society. They help in improving the stability of products in food technology applications, while their importance will be appreciated in greater detail for their necessity in human nutrition as protective agents against disease and aging. Future research will, therefore, focus on optimizing the applications of antioxidants in functional foods and on developing new antioxidant-based therapies for age-related diseases.
MICROBIOME IN FOOD DIGESTION: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF GUT MICROFLORA IN NUTRIENT ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, AND FOOD SENSITIVITIES
This study investigated the influence of gut microflora on nutrient absorption, metabolism, and food sensitivities using a mixed-methods experimental design that integrated dietary interventions, microbiome sequencing, metabolite profiling, and participant interviews. A cohort of 150 adults was randomly assigned to high-fiber, high-protein, or control diets over eight weeks, with microbial composition and metabolic markers tracked throughout the intervention. Quantitative analyses revealed that the high-fiber group exhibited greater microbial diversity, significantly elevated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and improved glucose and lipid absorption efficiency compared to controls. Regression models identified strong associations between the abundance of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus and enhanced nutrient bioavailability, while multivariate analyses highlighted persistent reductions in triglyceride and serum glucose levels. Qualitative findings complemented these outcomes, as participants reported improved tolerance to fiber-rich foods, reduced gastrointestinal discomfort, and increased satiety. Notably, follow-up assessments demonstrated sustained improvements in microbial composition and metabolic health, indicating that diet-driven microbiome changes are stable over time. These results confirm that gut microflora are central mediators of digestion and metabolism, and that targeted dietary modulation offers a viable strategy for enhancing nutrient absorption and managing food sensitivities. The integration of biological and experiential perspectives underscores the promise of microbiome-informed dietary interventions in advancing precision nutrition and long-term metabolic resilience.
IMMUNOTHERAPY IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER: ADVANCES IN IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITION AND TARGETED IMMUNOTHERAPIES FOR ENHANCED TREATMENT OUTCOMES
Molecular mechanisms involved in head and neck cancers (HNC), predominantly head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), in their heterogeneity manifest clinically through complex interactions involving genetic, epigenetic, and environmental components. Developmental insights from multi-omic analyses have shown the relevance of associated molecular pathways in varying tumor initiation and development, including metastasis. This review describes genetic alterations including TP53, PIK3CA, and CDKN2A plus epigenetic modifications such as aberrant DNA methylation and alterations to histones. Further, the emphasis extended to tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly on the stroma as well as immune and metabolic adaptations supporting tumor expansion and promoting resistance to therapy. Familiarity with these underlying molecular systems is of paramount necessity in developing prospective precision medicine modalities to improve patient outcomes. It is imperative to understand the molecular mechanism of HNSCC for the development of effective treatment strategies. Genetic mutations, epigenetic modification, and interactions in the TME cooperatively drive tumor advancement and therapy resistance. Advances in precision medicine, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies provide hope for bettering patient outcomes. Nevertheless, it is a continuing research field where cancer biology and treatment modalities need further input to face challenges in tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance. The application of molecular classification methods has backed therapeutic techniques for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma but these treatments have failed to provide effective outcomes. Targeted therapy development becomes challenging because tumors within the same mass develop different genetic along with phenotypic features throughout their structure. Tumors encounter limitations in drug delivery from the blood-brain barrier because of this well-established protective mechanism which hinders systemic drug treatment effectiveness. The major challenge for achieving successful long-term disease control stems from the adaptive genetic and epigenetic changes that lead to treatment resistance.
MOLECULAR PATHWAYS IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER: UNRAVELING THE GENETIC, EPIGENETIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TUMOR DEVELOPMENT AND METASTASIS
Head and neck cancer, and especially head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a heterogeneous type of malignancy with foreboding influences of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The advances in multi-omics analysis have helped in gaining some knowledge regarding the molecular pathways related to tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This review discusses various major genetic mutations like TP53, PIK3CA, and CDKN2A, as well as epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation and histone modification. The study also discusses the tumor microenvironment, particularly the interplay between stromal constituents, immune cells, and metabolic changes that contribute to tumor growth and resistance to therapy. The comprehension of these underlying mechanisms would assist in constructing an avenue for precision medicine to counteract these specific aberrations and improve patient outcomes. Molecular mechanisms of HNSCC need to be understood to develop effective treatment strategies. Genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and interactions within the TME act synergistically to promote tumor progression and therapy resistance. Precision medicine, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies hold a great deal of promise in improving patient outcomes. With focus, tumor heterogeneity, and therapy resistance collectively pose challenges to the goals of research and innovation in cancer biology and treatment. It has been concluded that this integrated molecular perspective provides valuable insights for precision medicine approaches, highlighting potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for improved clinical outcomes in HNC patients. Future studies should focus on integrating multi-omics data with artificial intelligence-driven models to enhance early detection and personalized treatment strategies.
THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: TAILORING TREATMENTS THROUGH GENOMIC INSIGHTS
With the introduction of personalized medicine, the conventional healthcare paradigm has changed in that instead of adhering to generalized treatment approach, a new healthcare paradigm now focuses on individualized treatment strategies. The centerpiece of this shift has been the inclusion of biotechnology that allows customizing medical interventions in accordance with the genetic, molecular, and phenotypic setups of a patient. This paper is going to discuss the crosshairs of a multidimensional role that Biotechnology can play towards the development of personalized medicine with attention paid to major areas including genomics, gene editing technologies, the identification of biomarkers, as well as the development of biopharmaceuticals.The study evaluates the recent cases of clinical application and case studies using mixed method of analysis in the areas of oncology, cardiovascular disease and genetic disorders. The methodology focused on such gene-editing tools as CRISPR-Cas9, genome sequencing systems, stem cell treatments, and AI-driven predictive models to evaluate their roles in the customization of treatment.The findings indicate higher accuracies in diagnosis, viability to predict treatment and the precision of treatment among different types of diseases. The editing of genes proved to be highly successful when it comes to correcting the mutations that already exist and are passed on to the next generations, and stem cell therapy produced positive results in regard to regeneration in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacogenomic profiling through biomarker-directed use of drugs augmented the therapeutic potential of treatment regimen, and liquid biopsy methods allowed monitoring disease progress in real-time.Notwithstanding these developments, there are still challenges such as moral issues relating to gene manipulation, expensive nature of the therapies or treatments that could be customized to depend on the individual, and the necessity of strict protection of data relating to it. The study came to the conclusion that although biotechnology has opened the new horizons in the field of personalized medicine, further success of it depends on the topics of equal access to it, effective regulation and cooperation. Possession of ongoing innovation and ethical monitoring, biotechnology-based personalized medicine will have the ability to restructure future of patient-based care.
ADVANCEMENTS IN CRISPR-CAS9 TECHNOLOGY: REVOLUTIONIZING GENETIC EDITING AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
Molecular biology has seen the revolution of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing mechanism with its accurate and efficient optional methodology in the targeted manipulation of the DNA. Initially based on the bacterial defense system, CRISPR-Cas9 has rapidly grown to become fundamental technology in therapeutic gene editing, functional genomics and agricultural biotechnology.We critically studied CRISPR-Cas9 applications in biomedical and agronomic settings, and more specifically analyzed aspects of CRISPR-Cas9 application efficiency, off-target activities, immunological responses and delivery mechanisms. Its methodology involved experimental testing, comparative analysis of the results of editing, and computational analysis of the frequencies of correcting mutations with and without HDR and NHEJ repair mechanisms. Columns and graphs were used in plotting results on gene disruption profile, delivery efficiencies and response pattern in various cell lines and under different experimental conditions.High editing rates of different cell lines were revealed, with base and prime editing variants having shown to be more specific. Other delivery methods including lipid nanoparticle and electroporation presented moderate to high efficiencies but off-target activity limits them, especially when high-fidelity variants of Cas9 are unavailable. In farming, gene-edited crops indicated huge improvement in yield and resistance features. Attempts to use Cas9 have also been found to elicit immune responses in some delivery settings, justifying the development of immune-evasive strategies.Summing up, CRISPR-Cas9 has been used to broaden the boundaries of genome engineering, but its overall potential in therapeutic and agronomic applications depends on the ability to resolve essential issues associated with off-target effects, delivery and regulatory control. Ethics, especially germline editing and equitable access, are still the major concerns in its ethical use. This study underlines the potential and the challenges of innovative CRISPR-driven technologies and requires communications through interdisciplinary strategies to make the potential advantages of such technology safe and inclusive.
ADVANCEMENTS IN GENE EDITING: CRISPR-CAS9 TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology has rapidly emerged as a groundbreaking tool for precise and efficient manipulation of genetic material across biological systems. Originally derived from bacterial adaptive immunity, it has revolutionized genome engineering in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. This study explores the mechanisms, recent advancements, and wide-ranging applications of CRISPR-Cas9, emphasizing its transformative role in modern science.The research employs a comprehensive review and synthetic data simulation approach to evaluate editing efficiency, off-target profiles, and delivery strategies of CRISPR-Cas9 systems. Methodological steps included guide RNA design, Cas9 assembly, target DNA binding, and repair analysis through base and prime editing frameworks. Complex data visualizations and performance metrics were also constructed to enhance interpretability of CRISPR-based interventions.The results demonstrate that enhanced CRISPR variants, such as high-fidelity Cas9 and Cas12a, consistently achieve high editing precision while minimizing off-target effects. Simulated trials also showed that editing efficiencies exceeded 90% in most conditions, particularly when advanced delivery systems and guide RNA optimizations were utilized. Furthermore, the application of CRISPR in agricultural genome editing showed significant improvements in stress resilience, pest resistance, and crop yield potential.These findings underscore the versatility and robustness of CRISPR-Cas9 as a next-generation genetic engineering platform. However, the study also highlights critical ethical concerns related to germline editing, regulatory discrepancies, and the equitable access to genome-editing technologies. In conclusion, while CRISPR-Cas9 holds immense promise for therapeutic, environmental, and industrial breakthroughs, its responsible deployment requires stringent oversight, interdisciplinary dialogue, and global consensus to maximize its benefits and mitigate potential risks
TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES: INNOVATIONS IN EARLY DETECTION AND TREATMENT APPROACHES
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global mortality, disproportionately affecting populations in low- and middle-income countries. The increasing burden is driven by aging demographics, sedentary lifestyles, and poor dietary habits, highlighting the urgent need for innovations in early detection and personalized treatment strategies. Translational research has emerged as a pivotal approach to bridging the gap between laboratory discoveries and clinical application, aiming to improve both diagnostic precision and therapeutic efficacy.This study integrates biomarker profiling, advanced imaging modalities, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based diagnostic models to enhance early detection capabilities. The methodology involves evaluating genetic and molecular indicators, applying machine learning algorithms for predictive risk stratification, and validating therapeutic innovations such as stem cell therapy and gene-targeted interventions.Results demonstrate that AI-enabled imaging models significantly outperform traditional methods in diagnostic sensitivity, while personalized pharmacogenomic approaches yield superior treatment outcomes with reduced adverse effects. Additionally, stem cell therapies show promising regenerative effects in myocardial repair, and gene editing technologies highlight future potential in correcting inherited cardiovascular disorders.In conclusion, the convergence of translational research, intelligent diagnostic systems, and targeted therapies represents a transformative shift in the management of CVDs. These innovations not only improve early intervention and clinical decision-making but also pave the way for precision medicine in cardiovascular healthcare. However, continued interdisciplinary collaboration and equitable deployment of these technologies are essential to maximize their global impact.
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF MICRORNAS IN CANCER PROGRESSION
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that function as key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have been increasingly implicated in the onset and progression of cancer. Their ability to act as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors enables them to influence diverse cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and therapy resistance.In this study, we conducted a comprehensive examination of miRNA biogenesis, dysregulation mechanisms, and their functional roles in critical oncogenic pathways. Particular focus was given to how miRNAs modulate cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis signaling cascades, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various tumor types. Empirical data were organized into a series of tables and complex visualizations to highlight expression patterns, target interactions, and therapeutic implications.The results demonstrate that specific miRNAs such as miR-21 and miR-155 are consistently overexpressed across multiple cancers and are associated with increased cell survival, metastasis, and drug resistance. Conversely, tumor-suppressive miRNAs like miR-34a and miR-143 are frequently downregulated, leading to impaired cell cycle control and apoptotic dysfunction. Expression profiling also revealed substantial interpatient variability, supporting the need for personalized miRNA-based diagnostics.This investigation confirms the potential of miRNAs as both non-invasive biomarkers and targets for therapeutic intervention. Despite challenges in delivery and specificity, emerging strategies such as miRNA mimics and inhibitors show significant promise in preclinical models. Overall, our findings reinforce the central role of miRNAs in cancer biology and advocate for their integration into next-generation precision oncology approaches.
EXPLORING PANETH CELL DYSFUNCTION IN CROHN’S DISEASE PATIENTS
Paneth cells are critical epithelial regulators of intestinal homeostasis, antimicrobial defense, and microbiota composition. Their dysfunction has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD), yet the specific cellular, genetic, and microbial correlates of Paneth cell impairment remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate Paneth cell morphology, antimicrobial function, associated gene expression, and microbiota profiles in Crohn’s disease patients compared to healthy controls to better understand the role of Paneth cell dysfunction in disease progressionForty-six healthy controls and one hundred and twenty-two Crohn’s disease patients received ileal biopsy together with stool sample. We counted for paneth cells, checked the granules and performed immunohistochemistry for both lysozyme and defensin. The expression of NOD2 and ATG16L1 was studied using QRT-PCR. Both the range of microbial organisms and dysbiosis were assessed with 16S rRNA sequencing. Statistical analyses found that Paneth cell counts in Crohn’s disease patients were lower (mean 16.4) and more granule abnormalities were seen (in 42.7% of cases) than in the control group (21.8 with 18.3% abnormal granules). Levels of lysozyme and defensin showed large declines in the sick group, where mean decreases were over 30%. Higher than expected levels of NOD2 and ATG16L1 confirmed shared genetic risk factors seen in the literature. Microbe analysis revealed lower diversity and more dysbiosis in the microbial profiles of CD patients and both factors were strongly connected to the lack of Paneth cells and not having enough antimicrobials. The analysis found that less numerous Paneth cells in the tissue were tied to greater amounts of dysbiosis and the correlation matrices exposed important links between different cellular, molecular and microbial parameters. Many factors lead to wrong function of paneth cells in Crohn's disease, including visual, genetic and bacterial changes in the body. These outcomes indicate possible approaches for stabilizing the gut and show that Paneth cell evaluation should be included in clinical testing.
Copyright (c) 2025 Younas Rehman , Muska Hayat, Shahzad Rafiq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATING FECAL CALPROTECTIN AS A PREDICTOR OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE FLARE
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is marked by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation and unpredictable flare-ups that necessitate ongoing monitoring. Traditional diagnostic tools like colonoscopy, while effective, are invasive and resource-intensive. This study evaluates fecal calprotectin—a neutrophil-derived protein—as a non-invasive biomarker to predict IBD flare-ups and guide clinical management. 150 patients who had been diagnosed with IBD took part in a cross-sectional survey. Clinical information, scores for main symptoms and markers of disease activity were obtained; ELISA was performed to measure faecal calprotectin. The study looked at how biomarker levels matched with clinical outcomes in subgroups sorted by disease, gender, flare status and age. Analyses involved descriptive comparison, t-tests and ROC curves. Those patients whose flare measures were greater than 170 μg/g had higher faecal calprotectin amounts than patients in remission. Those affected by Crohn’s disease were found to have greater calprotectin levels and worse symptoms compared to people with ulcerative colitis. Female patients experiencing active flares typically have the highest calprotectin concentrations, says a gender-based study. Measuring calprotectin levels (p < 0.01) aligned strongly with scores of symptoms and activity in the disease; ROC testing proved calprotectin is a powerful predictor. Images showed various calprotectin distribution patterns based on a child’s age and disease flares; the early-onset and late-onset age groups had more inflammatory markers in the intestines. It is demonstrated from the results how valuable calprotectin is in noticing silent inflammation, allowing early evidence-based treatment. Faecal calprotectin is a simple and reliable way to predict that an IBD flare-up will occur. Since it closely relates to disease symptoms and current activity, VS need to be included in usual patient monitoring. These findings back up a new approach where IBD treatment depends on a patient’s biomarkers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rabia Kiran , Rabia Nasir , Rida Naz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOME IN POST-INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA RECOVERY
Post-infectious diarrhea (PID) persists in some individuals following the resolution of acute enteric infections and is often associated with gut microbiota disturbances. This study aimed to investigate the microbial, metabolic, immunological, and clinical characteristics associated with delayed recovery in PID patients, compared to healthy controls. A total of 100 people took part, including 60 with post-infectious diarrhoea and 40 healthy people who matched them by age and sex. Microbiota assessment was done by analyzing the 16S rRNA sequence of stool samples. The measurement of acetate and butyrate, as SCFAs, was possible using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technique. Studies of the blood samples showed levels of IL-6, TNF-α and zonulin. Weekly diarrhoea severity scores given by patients were self-reported. T-tests, Spearman correlation and multivariate regression methods assessed the relationships and factors. Considering both Shannon (2.51 vs. 3.39) and Simpson indices (0.78 vs. 0.89), the microbial variety was lower for PID patients. The SCFA levels in the PID group were much lower than those in the control group: butyrate was 18.2 µmol/g and acetate was 34.6 µmol/g, whereas in the SCFA group, butyrate was 25.9 µmol/g and acetate was 42.2 µmol/g. Measuring zonulin in the intestines, we found its levels were high (62.4 ng/mL versus 38.3 ng/mL in the control group). Standard values for IL-6 and TNF-α are 5.6 pg/mL and 9.2 pg/mL, respectively and are both seen to rise to 12.3 pg/mL and 17.9 pg/mL. Diarrhoea severity was very high in PID patients, with a mean score of 6.8 and only 1.2 for control patients. All the differences were statistically important—p < 0.01. A decrease in SCFA, important changes in gut bacteria, raised gut permeability and ongoing inflammation together explain why it takes longer to recover from post-infectious diarrhoea. Altering the bacteria in the gut could help people with these illnesses recover.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Yar Mahsood , Sajjad Mehdi, Shazia Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM ON LIPID METABOLISM AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Subclinical hypothyroidism, characterized by elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal free thyroxine (fT4) levels, has been increasingly linked to alterations in lipid metabolism and early atherosclerotic changes. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on lipid profiles, systemic inflammation, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosisThe study tested and measured biochemical and vascular characteristics in 160 people—80 with subclinical hypothyroidism and 80 controls with normal thyroid function. Each patient’s fasting blood was studied for TSH, fT4, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a) and hs-CRP levels. CIMT was measured with B-mode ultrasonic imaging. Between-group comparisons were made through T-tests and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to check relations between vascular indicators, thyroid function and cholesterol. Total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a) and hs-CRP were found to be significantly increased in subclinical hypothyroidism compared to people with normal thyroid function (p < 0.01 for all). At the same p-value, levels of HDL-C were found to be lower: 42.1 ± 5.8 mg/dL instead of 49.8 ± 7.1 mg/dL. There was better evidence of atherosclerosis in the subclinical hypothyroid group, as their CIMT was higher at 0.84 ± 0.12 mm versus the 0.68 ± 0.10 mm group (p = 0.01). Those with subclinical hypothyroidism often have higher levels of bad cholesterol, more general body inflammation and early changes in their arteries that may lead to atherosclerosis. They indicate that finding and following people with subclinical thyroid problems helps reveal increased heart disease risk.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Tanzeel Akhtar , Muhammad Rehan, Syeda Iram Batool (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF BROWN FAT ACTIVATION IN CALORIC EXPENDITURE
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a crucial role in non-shivering thermogenesis and energy expenditure, making it a promising target for obesity intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the metabolic and molecular effects of cold-induced BAT activation on caloric expenditure and related physiological markers in healthy adults. For four weeks, participants were evenly assigned to two groups: the first spent all their time in 24°C and the second spent two hours daily in a cooler 16°C. An indirect calorimeter was used to determine REE and DEXA was chosen to determine body composition. Blood levels of norepinephrine, FGF21 and retinoic acid were measured using ELISA. From a small group, samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue were taken to identify thermogenic genes (UCP1, PGC-1α) and look at mitochondrial respiration by measuring it. The findings were examined with T-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficients.The rise in REE was far bigger in the cold group compared to the control group (mean +180.5 kcal/day, p < 0.05, compared with +42.1 kcal/day in controls). Serum norepinephrine and FGF21 were markedly higher in the cold group (552.4 pg/mL and 251.2 pg/mL, respectively) than in the control group (388.9 pg/mL and 180.6 pg/mL, p < 0.01). While mitochondrial respiration improved more than 50% in the cold group (181.3 vs. 120.7 pmol O₂/s/10⁶ cells), the levels of UCP1 and PGC-1α almost tripled. Every difference reported was meaningful and found to be connected to people consuming more calories. When it’s cold, BAT becomes active which increases how much energy we use, supports our mitochondria and shifts thermogenic gene function. The study results strengthen the belief that turning on BAT could be useful in fighting obesity naturally.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rida Tariq , Roohan Ahmad, Muhammad Inam Farooq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AEROSPACE MEDICINE AND ENDOCRINOLOGY: HORMONAL ADAPTATIONS IN MICROGRAVITY
The human endocrine system is severely affected by microgravity conditions astronauts experience in space, which influences human ability to deal with stress, metabolism, reproduction, and circadian balance. This research paper was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative approaches in observing the effects on the hormones of 12 astronauts to study the changes during the course of the long trip to the International Space Station (ISS). A body of research here on Earth based on head-down bed rest and even simulations of parabolic flights also supported it. There were large variability in cortisol cycles, low gonadotropins, various levels of thyroid hormones, and there was elevated levels of insulin and leptin in quantitative endocrine profiling at varying times. Cosinor modeling indicated that a changed amount of the phase and amplitude of cortisol secretion was not as much, and this indicates malfunctioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Concurrently, the structured interviews conducted post the mission depicted that the individuals had been experiencing similar issues that were issues to the appetite, exhaustion, mood swings, and problems with sleep, which concurred with the hormonal abnormalities that had been observed. Patterns of the ground analog individuals were similar and this confirms the notion that the results can be used in other scenarios. The integration of biometric and subjective data demonstrate that astronauts must be placed on a condition where their hormones can be screened at all times and countermeasures personalized in terms of time (during space missions). This paper produces an emergent multidisciplinary paradigm between aerospace physiology and clinical endocrinology. It impacts astronaut health, mission architecture andлё (in a terrestrial context) its application in medicine.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Rehan, Muhammad Inam Farooq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND CONNECTOMICS: TOWARD A BRAIN FUNCTION ATLAS
To portray brain organisation at multiple levels, the complete atlas of brain functions need to combine neurophysiological, neuroimaging, as well as computational studies. The study utilized high-density electrophysiological recordings, local field potential (LFP) spectral analysis, functional MRI (fMRI) activation maps and diffusion MRI connectomics in a mixed-method study. The high-degree hubs of a modular small-world architecture were identified in associative cortices graph-theoretically. Whereas in task-based analyses there was a significant rewiring of the connections, the resting-state networks indicated many connections within connection pattern. Cross-frequency linkages within particular regions have been identified and related to number cross-frequency links was indicated in a study of phase-amplitude coupled (PAC) in which oscillatory coordination was associated with network-integration. The performance of the models formed based on structural and functional parameters was verified when machine learning models such as XGBoost and neural networks had classification accuracies greater than 95% in functional network identification. Integration of these data resulted in a multi-scale, multi-modal description of brain activity bringing the field closer to its goal of an comprehensive atlas of brain activity. The framework can form the foundation of therapeutic applications, including personalised mapping in neurological and psychiatric illnesses and the basic neuroscience.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abdul Ghaffar, Roohan Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADDICTION PSYCHIATRY AND EMERGENCY MEDICINE INTEGRATION FOR OVERDOSE MANAGEMENT
The overdose epidemic of opioids and polysubstances requires rapid, aligned interventions that extend more than emergency stabilization. The study examines the effectiveness of holistic paradigm comprising of addiction psychiatry and emergency medicine in reducing the effects of overdose. These included 200 patients who were admitted with an overdose. They were randomly assigned to a standard emergency care or to an integrated intervention group that received psychiatric assistance, medical-based treatment (MAT) and motivation interviewing. We performed logistic and survival-based models to examine quantitative outcome variables such as ED recidivism, initiation of detoxification treatment, and all-cause mortality within 90 days. The findings indicated that the integrated group remained in the therapy significantly and spent a lot less time in the emergency department (p < 0.01) and passing away as compared to the non-integrated group. Interviews with patients were conducted to reveal that integration reduced stigma and led to greater trust in doctors, as well as it became easier to patiently shift between the types of care the patient required. Thematic analysis revealed such significant segments as empathetic interaction, rapid therapeutic relationship and a feeling of individual value. This work that involved qualitative and quantitative research demonstrates the necessity of possessing a two-stream clinical process that assists both in medical stabilization and a beginning to behavioral improvement. The findings indicate the redesigning of the systems by incorporating mental care in the emergency overdose protocol to ensure the individuals at high risk of recurrence and mortality receive better long-term outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rabia Kiran, Hassan Yar Mahsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: BRIDGING BRAIN AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
To take precision psychiatry further, precision psychiatry requires a knowledge of how the relationship between the immunological and nervous systems functions. The following study was a multi-modal, multi-method experimental study that examined the synergy between the immune system and the brain in individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar, and major difference disorder. We quantified the peripheral cytokines (IL-6, TNF-a, IFN-6, and CRP) using ELISA. We also had access to structural and functional brain data in the form of MRI scans and were able to turn them into voxel-based morphometry and graph-theoretical analysis. We found that the machine learning models (Random Forest and SVR) are able to predict the extent of bad psychiatric conditions based on immunological data and neuroimaging data with good accuracy (R 2 more than 0.82). The feature interpretation using SHAP showed that the best predictors were the hippocampal connection and IFN- \gamma. The relationship between the cytokines and the artificial substrates was demonstrated through nine quantitative tables and 12 figures. Qualitative expert interviews theme analysis proved the biological and clinical importance of the results. We have demonstrated that the neuroimmune biomarkers reflect more than just mental symptoms, but may become a source of prediction and applied to other fields. The paper demonstrates an effective AI-powered system to retrieve brain and immunological data. This creates new opportunities to diagnose, personalize the treatment and discover more about the systematic causes of mental illnesses.
Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Asadullah Usman, Irum Habib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF EARLY-STAGE DETECTION IN THE PROGNOSIS OF HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
This study investigates the role of early-stage detection in the prognosis of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC), focusing on how timely diagnosis influences survival rates, recurrence, and treatment outcomes. A retrospective analysis of patient data reveals a significant difference in survival between early and late-stage diagnoses, with patients diagnosed at Stage I and II demonstrating higher five-year survival rates and reduced recurrence rates compared to those diagnosed at advanced stages (III and IV). Advanced diagnostic techniques, such as high-definition endoscopy, liquid biopsy, and HPV DNA testing, show high sensitivity and accuracy, with liquid biopsy emerging as a particularly promising method for early detection. Patients diagnosed early were more likely to receive less invasive treatments, which resulted in better functional outcomes and fewer long-term complications. This research indicates that patients who smoke experience reduced survival times together with higher recurrence rates during HNSCC diagnosis. Early diagnosis of diseases at their first stage allows physicians to prescribe less intense therapeutic treatments that decrease both expenses and death rates among patients per this study. Early detection programs face challenging barriers to reach a wide audience and poor knowledge about screenings in spite of improved diagnostic equipment. The obtained evidence supports ongoing innovation in diagnostic tools for medical practice and education about early detection and fair healthcare resource distribution. The results create a basis for both legislative adjustments and strategic measures that would lead to enhanced early detection practices and increased favorable results for patients with HNSCC.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hassan Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS IN ONCOLOGY PATIENTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL AND ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
Background: Psychiatric manifestations are increasingly recognized in oncology patients, particularly those with neurological and endocrine disorders. The interaction of tumor biology, treatment exposures, and systemic dysregulation contributes to complex mental health outcomes that often remain underdiagnosed. Methods: This study employed a mixed-methods experimental design, integrating quantitative assessments of anxiety, depression, cognitive function, and hormone levels with qualitative interviews exploring patient experiences. Nine structured tables and twelve figures summarized data on psychiatric symptom prevalence, hormonal profiles, treatment exposures, and intervention outcomes across neurological and endocrine oncology subgroups. Results: Baseline assessments revealed substantial heterogeneity in psychiatric symptoms, with elevated anxiety and depression observed in a majority of patients. Longitudinal trends showed partial improvement in some individuals, but persistent distress in those with high-risk features, particularly patients exposed to corticosteroids and radiotherapy. Cognitive deficits were most pronounced in patients with neurological tumors, while endocrine abnormalities, especially thyroid and cortisol dysregulation, correlated strongly with mood disturbances. Patients with combined neurological and endocrine dysfunction exhibited the highest psychiatric burden. Figures demonstrated robust associations between hormone levels and psychiatric severity, with depression emerging as the most prevalent manifestation. Subgroup analyses indicated that neuroendocrine tumor patients displayed rapid progression of psychiatric symptoms. Encouragingly, targeted psychiatric interventions—psychotherapy, pharmacological treatment, and hormone stabilization—produced significant symptom reduction and functional improvement.
Copyright (c) 2023 Younas Rehman, Wesam Taher Almagharbeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BONE AND JOINT COMPLICATIONS IN PEDIATRIC CANCER SURVIVORS: ORTHOPEDIC AND ONCOLOGIC PERSPECTIVES
Background: While advances in pediatric oncology have led to substantial improvements in survival, the long-term musculoskeletal complications faced by survivors remain underrecognized. This study investigated bone and joint health outcomes in pediatric cancer survivors through an integrated orthopedic and oncologic lens. Methods: A mixed-methods experimental design was applied, combining quantitative measures of bone mineral density (BMD), joint range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, pain scores, fracture incidence, and growth abnormalities with qualitative interviews exploring functional challenges and survivorship experiences. Results were organized across nine analytical tables and twelve figures to provide a comprehensive overview. Results: At baseline, many survivors exhibited significantly reduced BMD, with adolescents showing the greatest deficits. Longitudinal follow-up revealed partial but incomplete recovery, particularly among those exposed to corticosteroids and radiotherapy. ROM assessments identified persistent restrictions in hip and knee joints, and muscle strength analysis revealed poorer outcomes in heavily treated groups. Pain scores were concentrated in lower extremities, while fracture incidence was strongly correlated with combined steroid and radiotherapy exposure. Survivors diagnosed with osteonecrosis experienced severe functional limitations, and growth abnormalities such as limb length discrepancies and angular deformities were most prevalent among sarcoma survivors. Orthopedic interventions—including surgical corrections and physiotherapy—were associated with marked improvements in mobility and functional independence. Qualitative findings aligned with quantitative data, highlighting survivor-reported challenges in mobility, chronic pain, and psychosocial well-being.
Copyright (c) 2023 Humayun Ali, Jawad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN ONCOLOGY PATIENTS: ENDOCRINE CROSSTALK WITH CANCER THERAPIES
Thyroid dysfunction has emerged as a significant and often underestimated consequence of cancer therapy, particularly in patients undergoing immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and radiotherapy. This multidisciplinary study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, patterns, and clinical implications of thyroid abnormalities in oncology patients, with a focus on those receiving checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. A mixed-methods approach combining retrospective chart analysis, biomarker assessment, and patient-reported outcomes was employed to gather comprehensive data across multiple cancer centers. The results revealed a high incidence of therapy-induced thyroid disorders, with hypothyroidism accounting for the majority of cases, followed by transient thyrotoxicosis and subclinical thyroiditis. Female patients and those with pre-existing autoimmune conditions were disproportionately affected. Importantly, thyroid dysfunction was associated with decreased treatment adherence, prolonged hospital stays, and impaired quality of life metrics. Biomarker profiling indicated significant shifts in TSH, FT3, FT4, and anti-TPO antibody levels, correlating strongly with treatment type and duration. Graphical analysis through complex plots—including survival curves, scatter distributions, and hybrid models—further substantiated these associations and highlighted the prognostic value of early thyroid monitoring. Tables detailing drug-specific thyroid toxicity, demographic distributions, and biochemical trends enriched the clinical context. The findings emphasize the critical need for proactive thyroid surveillance and management strategies integrated into oncology care pathways. By bridging oncology and endocrinology, this study provides actionable insights to mitigate endocrine complications and improve overall treatment outcomes for cancer patients.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sajjad Mehdi, Shazia Khalid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0