EMERGING ZOONOTIC DISEASES AND ONE HEALTH APPROACHES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

The rising global health insecurity threat posed by emerging zoonotic diseases is an ongoing, escalating threat that is being driven by increased and complex interactions between ecological disruption, socio-economic stress, climate change, biodiversity loss and enhanced human-animal interface. One Health approach has been seen to emerge as a cross sectoral approach to handling these multifactorial issues. However, its problematic functioning and the gaps in its application remain a question of concern.The effectiveness of its operation and the drivers and issues of its implementation remain debated in terms of its recent successes.This systemic literature review integrates both quantitative and qualitative outcomes of the recent achievements of One Health. The convergent integrated mixed-methods systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 and Joanna Briggs Institute. The databases have been searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of science, Scopus, CINAHL and CAB Abstracts. Qualified papers talked about outbreak zoonotic diseases and either expressly or implicitly followed a One Health approach. Data were extracted and appraised on validated tools of critical appraisal. The quantitative data were synthesised as a story, and the qualitative data were synthesised with the assistance of thematic method (25 mixed-method, 41 and 62 quantitative and qualitative data, respectively). The land-use change, wildlife trade, climate variability, intensification of livestock, urbanization and biodiversity loss were the key factors contributing to the outbreaks of zoonotic diseases. The Integrated One Health interventions were associated with the improved sensitivity of surveillance, reduced time to respond to an outbreak, intersectoral coordination and moderate cost-effectiveness advantages. However, there remained such challenges as part-time governance, insufficient funds, poor integration of environmental sector, non-standard evaluation measures and capacity problem in poor and middle-income countries. Underrepresentation of the elements of environmental health in the operational implementation is also consistent despite the ratification of the policy-level. Nevertheless, the structural governance loopholes, differences in the procedures, and resource distribution limit the implementation over a long period. Increasing the environmental integration, turning One Health into standardized measures of integration, and investing in the capacity-building (particularly in risk-prone regions), are all necessary to make One Health more than a policy speech and turn it into a permanent practice.